Bronfenbrenner Ecological Systems Theory

Bronfenbrenner Ecological Systems Theory The microsystem is the most influential system because the child has direct interaction with these individuals; that interaction occurs on a consistent basis over an extended period of time (Brofenbrenner, 2004). Family is the most significant relationship of the microsystem; they play an intricate part in the ecological human development. The most time is spent at home with the family; they provide shelter and safety, and also provide emotional support for the child. The parent for example, interacts with the child on a daily basis, they provide a safe and healthy relationship and an environment for them to grow and prosper. The way the parent plays with the child, teaches them, and communicates with them has a lot of influence on their development. The parenting style a child receives paves the way in their ability to communicate with others, their self-esteem, and the attitude and behaviors they exude. The main parenting styles are authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and non-involved. The authoritarian parent is strict and demanding; this creates a child that grows up to behave withdrawn, fearful, and distrustful of others. On the opposite end of the spectrum is the permissive parent. The child raised in a permissive household is more likely to be aggressive, impulsive, and have little self-reliance. The healthy balance between the two styles is the authoritative parent who raises a content, cooperative, and self-reliant child (Berns, 2010). The parent gives the child the ability to create secure attachments with others and to have a healthy and positive disposition. The emotional connectivity of this relationship is a direct reflection of a childs ability to connect and communicate with all other systems. Parenting styles are not the only ways that family can influence development; family structure also has a great impact. The nuclear family consists of a mom, a dad, and the children, but not all households are structured this way. Divorce is an unfortunate reality in this day and age and the adaptation plays a large role for the child. Not only does the child not get to live in a household that has both parents which provides a healthy surrounding and assures the child of love, but they may have to listen to the consequences of how each parent deals with the divorce itself. Counseling, mediation, custody battles, and fighting are all situations that the child may be surrounded by. The financial consequences will affect the family and the child would not live in the same lifestyle as they would if both parents were together because the income would be cut in half. Peers, community, and schools also affect the child. The peer groups help the child gain independence and discover their sense of self. Negative experiences with peers such as bullying can hurt the childs self-esteem, affect how they interact with their others, and their ability to communicate and socialize with their peers with ease. School is another very important relationship. This gives the child a chance to learn the fundamentals needed as an adult and to help them develop different skills and appropriate behavior. Every child learns differently; they may be an auditory, visual, spatial, or kinesthetic learner. It is the teacher and schools responsibility to discover this and take the best course of action to implement and teaching style that works best for the child. The second system that influences development is the mesosystem. Mesosystems may be described a links in a chain. They consist of linkages and interrelationships that exist between two or more of the individuals microsystems. These interrelationships involve a variety of settings that the child is immersed in; the influences that bind us together (Feldman, 2008). Examples of this system may be the linkage between family and peers, family and school, school and community, and so on. Schooling is the perfect example of the mesosystems linkage between family and school. The more involved the parent is with the childs school, increases the likelihood of that child excelling in school, receiving higher grades, and attending college in the future. The involvement that the family has with the childs learning before they enter school creates a positive attitude towards their future learning. When it comes to the childs relationship with school, the more perceptive that the family and teachers are in their learning with affect their educational experience. They will learn how to complete tasks, problem solve, and understand rewards and consequences. There is also an important linkage between school and the community. Higher funded schools have more resources available to students; these resources extend the learning process. More books, informative television programs and movies, supplies, crafts, and the ability to go on field trips may provide a more stimulating environment and positive outlook on a childs involvement and learning at school. Community support and donations can help increase learning in the classroom. The exosystem is the third system of Bronfenbrenners theory of human development. These influences are indirect; the child itself is not an active participant, however it does have an impact on an active member of  their microsystem. This may consist of the parents career or financial situation, political systems, social support networks, etcetera. As stated above, exosystems have an indirect affect on the child through career, their socioeconomic status, or the government. A parents socioeconomic status affects the child because they may not have the means to purchase educational materials or live in a nice home, if they have a home at all. Children born into poverty statistically have lower self-esteem, are less likely to excel in school or are more likely to drop out, and they are more susceptible to violence and crime. A parents job may also influence a child indirectly. A parent that has to travel a lot for work or stay late hours must place their child in non-parental child care. Different forms of this non-parental care will affect that child differently. There are child care centers, family day cares, and in-home care of a nanny that may be used to watch over the children. The accreditations are different for each type, and there are different programs, such as health, nutrition, and learning programs. Although there are many different options that the family has when they do not have the ability to stay at home with the child, but it is still no substitute for being cared for by their parent. Although sometimes a parent has no choice but to place their child in a day care program, there can be some developmental consequences to this. The child will be able to socialize with peers more easily, but they tend to be less cooperative and unresponsive with adults. The longer the child stays in non-parental care, the more likely they are to develop insecure attachments, are at risk for problems with emotions and in behavior. They are also more likely to be aggressive and defiant. The final system involved is the macrosystem. This system is societal and has a larger context involved in culture. This type of system influences the developing child in a much broader context; the beliefs of the family and their lifestyle, education, religion, and mass media. What society places as the social norms, expected roles, and what a relationship is supposed to look like. Macrosystem influences come from cultural views in society. Views of roles, such as gender roles, have a set of associated behaviors that are expected in that individual. A boy must be a strong provider and shouldnt cry, or a girl should be a nurturer and domesticated are examples of these gender roles inflicted on society. Different values and lifestyle are also a large influence to that child. Believing in the necessity of owning a large home, having expensive cars, or that as adults, they need to be married with a white picket fence and 2.5 children. Morals and values stem from the familys beliefs and religious law; although sometimes the religious laws coincide with federal. Religions such as Catholicism, Lutheranism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Atheism, are all extremely different from one another and go along a different belief system with different sets of values which influence the individual. Children that grow up believing in some form of Christianity may have different values than a child that grew up in an Atheist household. Mass media and culture are intertwined, but the influence of media is widespread and comes in a variety of forms; screen media, print media, audio media, and interactive media. Media influences value, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior explains Berns (2010, pg 321). At least one form of media can be found basically anywhere and is used to communicate and spread information to a large group of people simultaneously. Screen media that comes in television form spreads so quickly and easily influences young and impressionable minds. In some respects the exposure can be a good thing; it is mentally stimulating, can be educational and useful in a classroom to help students understand information in a different way. Programs for younger children such as Dora the Explorer and Blues Clues are a great way to teach young children colors, numbers, mathematics, and linguistics. Unfortunately there are downsides to this. Not all programs are suitable for young children; they may contain graphic viol ence, foul language, and sexually explicit material that is inappropriate for this age group. This information can ingrain the idea of what life should be like or how the child should behave, this sets up negative associations and roles. Violent and graphic material could result in negative behaviors such as aggression or bullying others, it may also cause the childs imagination to run wild which may be scary, exciting, or intimidating for the child. Too much time in front of the television, or focused on any type of media really, can take away from time spent with the family and engaging in family activities, or it can also affect physical activity. Print media is found in books, newspapers, magazines, and articles. Print media is beneficial because it enhances language and reading skills, it helps with comprehension, and overall cognitive development. Children may understand the sense of who they are because of all the stories and tales they read. A downside to this is that the ch ild may confuse negative actions and material with reality and fantasy. Just as with screen media, print, audio, and interactive media instill the ideas behind different stereotypes; this can be a major concern for problems in the future and self-esteem. Overall between all forms of media there are positives and negatives. They increase cognitive functioning and development, but children are impressionable and graphically violent and sexually explicit material is not good for young children and should be monitored by the parent. It is now apparent that ecological systems affect development Urie Bronfenbrenner was correct in his theory of the bioecological model of human development. There is significant data to show how influential the four systems influence a child. The microsystem consists of close intimate relationships of those in direct contact with the child; they are involved on a consistent basis and appear to be the most influential relationship. Family, peers, school, and the community are all examples of a microsystem. They all have a large impact on the childs socialization skills. Because a child spends so much time with their parents, this is the foundation for success. Teaching their children early what behaviors are acceptable or not, having a comforting and balanced parenting style will really help the child be cooperative, self-reliant, and content. Placing a strong focus on the importance of academics will help the child to succeed in school, also choosing the correct school to help the st udent learning in an environment suitable for their needs. Peers have a massive impact on the childs communication and interaction with others so its important that the parent keep positive influences around that child. The microsystem is the primary system of influence so keeping secure, positive, healthy relationships will help the childs development as they begin to feel the effects of the other systems. Like the links in a chain, the mesosystem combines the importance of the  impact that the microsystems have on each other. Just as school and family influence a child, the relationships between the two systems also have a direct impact on the child. This does not only consist of the two relationships, but all relationships in the microsystem. The indirect affect of the exosystem, such as the stressors of a parents career, will have its own impact. Long hours at the job can result in the child being enrolled in some sort of non-parental child care. The type of care provided coul d benefit the child in their education and learning skills, but may also have a negative impact on their emotional comfort and attachment caused by the lack of the parent being around. Finally, the macrosystem is the combination of culture, religion, mass media, and other influences that are widespread. Mass media has many benefits to the childs development. Media is mentally stimulating, it can increase imagination, and teach the child different skills such as language, communication, mathematics, colors, and other skills. Parents do need to monitor the media that a child does interact with. The graphic violence and sexually explicit material can be damaging for young and influential minds. They can create different stereotypes that can affect the way the child socializing with others, or their sense of self. The more time spent around different forms of media can take away from the quality time spent with the family, and can decrease the amount of physical activity for the child. Overall, the four different systems involved in Bronfenbrenners bioecological model of human development massively impact the socialization and cognitive development of a child.

Management of a Business †New Belgium Brewery Essay

Operations Management, Employee Ownership, and Leadership Provided by Management I would describe the operations management at New Belgium Brewing to be very well run. Founder, Jeff Lebesch, and co-founder, Kim Jordan, implemented an open-management system in 1996. This means that employees are directly involved in running the company. Employees are given training so that they understand how all of the financials of the New Belgian Brewery work. Kim believes that understanding the financials helps employees pay closer attention to them. Employee, Doug Miller says, â€Å"Once Kim and Jeff decided to let us all know where everything was going, it made it real important for us to keep count of every keg, any cases that are damaged. You know, it all adds up.† After a year of working for the company, each employee is given a share, and treated as a shareholder. Employees have a say in the overall direction of the company, and they work with the owners, rather than for them. This gives employees a vested interest in seeing the company progress further. The owners see all employee decisions and input as being very important to the success of the company. Chief Financial Officer, Jennifer V. Orgolini says, â€Å"How can you really care about the certain small things that are necessary to be done day in and day out if you don’t have a larger purpose behind them?† Since employees are shareholders, the more profit the company makes, the more their share is worth. This creates an environment of employee-owners that all want to work towards making the company as successful as possible. Employees all work at a similar level in separate, focused departments. Although, some departments needs to report certain things to other people and/or departments, no one in the company has more authority than anyone else. This is known as a decentralized organization, which means that everything is delegated as far down the chain of command as possible. Since employees to do not need to seek approval from managers, they can implement needed changes as quickly as possible. Overall, this system makes for happier, hardworking employees. Co-founder, Kim Jordan says, â€Å"I hear it a lot from customers, people who I’ll run into and say, ‘Wow, I was at your brewery and the vibe there is amazing. You can just tell that people really like being there.'† She also claims that, â€Å"I think that combination of happiness and extending yourself to have real relationships with people and being excellent here at New Belgium really creates a magical vibe.† Environmental Responsibility and Sustainability New Belgium has been working very hard over the last few years to be more environmentally responsible and sustainable. In 2008, the company was used about 158 MJ/hl in energy for the year. By 2011, they dropped that number down to 138 MJ/hl, and hope to drop it to 125 MJ/hl by 2018. The company has done all this by reducing their need for electricity. They have been investing in efficient equipment, installing heat exchangers, and designing their facilities with conservation in mind. In 2010, New Belgium installed a Smart Grid. A Smart Grid allows 2-way communication between the electricity provider and the company. The electricity provider can determine when New Belgium is running a non-essential function, and sends them a notice to turn it off. In January 2010, New Belgium installed solar panels on top of their packaging hall. It produces over 264,000 kWh each year and contributes to over 3% of the company’s total power supply. Both energy saving installations were partially funded by FortZED. New Belgium has an on-site Process Water Treatment Plant The Five Functions of Management The five functions of management are planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling. Planning involves deciding what the company’s objectives are and how to accomplish them. Objectives are the desired end results determined by an organization, they derive from the organization’s mission. A mission describes a company’s fundamental purpose and basic philosophy. Meeting objectives involves three types of general plans – strategic, tactical, and operational. Strategic plans establish the long-range objectives of an organizations, as well as the overall strategy or course of action used to fulfill their missions. Strategic plans factor in four things, the organizations strengths and weaknesses, as well as potential opportunities and threats. Strengths are the things that a company does well or the characteristics that give it an important aptitude. Weaknesses are things that a company does poorly with, does not have, or areas where it is at a disadvantage. Opportunities are things found in the external environment of a company that could be beneficial, cause potential growth, or be a source of competitive advantage. Threats are also found in  the external environment, but hold the possibility of causing damage to a company. Tactical Plans are short range and designed to utilize the objectives of the strategic plan. They are meant to help keep the company on the course set in the strategic plan. Tactical plans allow an organization the ability to react to unpredictable changes in the environment, so they must be periodically reviewed and updated by management. Operational Plans are very short term plans that determine what specific work groups, individuals, or departments must accomplish to achieve the goal of a tactical plan. Another part of planning is crisis management or contingency planning. This area deals with potential disasters that a company may face. They may be natural disasters or disasters within the company. Some companies will have crisis management team who deal specifically with these problems, which allows managers to continue to focus on their regular duties. New Belgium Brewery’s strategic plan is to have happy employee-owners who enjoy their job and work very hard to make this company profitable. They have and are continuing to achieve this with their tactical plan of making employees into owners, training workers to be financially literate, and by allowing employees access to the books. Since employees are given a share of the company after one year, they are treated like shareholders. They work with the owners, who listen to and consider all employee input into the operations. Because employees are shareholders, they work hard to make the company as successful as possible. Organizing involves structuring resources and activities in a way that accomplishes objectives efficiently and effectively. Managers will review plans and determine what activities are needed for implementing them. Work will be divided into smaller units and assigned to specific departments, individuals, or groups. Most of the time work is organized into teams that handle core processes, rather than constructing around traditional departments, such as marketing and production. Organizing helps create synergy, which means the sum of the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Organization also establishes lines of authority, improves communication, helps avoid reproduction of resources, and helps improve competitiveness by speeding up the decision making process. New Belgium Brewery is divided into departments that focus on certain areas of the company. However, unlike most businesses, the departments at New Belgium are not divided into a hierarchy of people with  more power and authority than those below them. The staff in each department work together at the same level and do not need to report to any managers. This gives employees the power to apply any needed changes in the company without waiting for the approval of a manager. Staffing involves hiring enough of and the right kind of people to carry out the work of the organization. Managers must determine what skills are needed for specific jobs and must recruit accordingly. Managers must determine how to motivate and train employees, how much to pay employees, what benefits should be provided, and how to prepare employees for potential higher-level jobs in the organization. Staffing also involves downsizing, which is the elimination of a large number of people from an organization. New Belgium focuses on hiring people who fit the culture of their company. Staff need to be willing to learn, willing to work hard, and need the people skills to get along with other people in the company. Also, New Belgium makes employees wait a year before giving them a share in their organization. This gives the owners time to make sure that an employee will fit well with their company and also tests their loyalty. Directing involves motivating and leading employees to achieve an organization’s objectives. Employers may motivate employees to do a good job with incentives, such as promotions or pay raises. However, most employees want more than money. Workers want to know that their ideas and input are of value to their employer. Smart managers know to involve their employees in company decision making processes as often as possible. This inclusion makes workers feel more important and better about their job, which greatly benefits the organization. New Belgium’s way of directing and motivating their employees is giving them shares in the company and making them employee-owners. Since staff are shareholders, they are a big part of decision making processes. Also, the incentive of owning a share in the company has employees trying to steer the company in a positive direction, so that they reap the benefits along with Jeff and Kim. Controlling involves evaluating and correcting the activities of an organization in order to keep them on course. This involves five activities: 1.Measuring performance 2.Comparing present performance with standards or objectives 3.Identifying deviations from the standards 4.Investigating the causes of deviations 5.Taking corrective action when necessary Controlling is closely related to planning. Planning establishes the goals and standards of an organization, controlling compares present performance with those goals and standards in order to determine whether or not performance is on target. When performance is not keeping up with the company’s expectations, employers must determine why that is and come up with a way to get back on track. Because employees at New Belgium do not have managers, and they all work at the same level, they can immediately implement any changes that may deviate the company from their desired course of action. Sources †¢http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPhypYaWHm8 †¢http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_reclamation †¢http://www.newbelgium.com/sustainability/Environmental-Metrics.aspx

Buying Topics for Expository Essay on Air Test

Buying Topics for Expository Essay on Air Test The Ultimate Topics for Expository Essay on Air Test Trick Every possession is currently a status symbol. To begin with, a brief explanation of the game needs to be written. From its name, you might guess you ought to have a crystal clear picture of a particular thing so as to supply your reader with a crystal clear and concise explanation. Hurry up to complete an essay order form at the website and forget about worries! While the world wide web has a massive collection of advantages, it has some downsides too. Therefore, it's better to prevent websites where people are absolutely free to add and alter info free of reliability checks. If an individual feels enthusiastic about something, they'll be prepared to devote much time building a research and will achieve success. The issue is we speak various languages not only when it comes to ethnic groups but regarding the way every individual sees the world. The New Fuss About Topics for Expository Essay on Air Test Following are a couple expository essay topics that may be given to students, as a portion of their assignments. Actually, giving a sample in your essay may be practical learning experience, and whenever your teacher grades you, you're know precisely where you went wrong which prospective employers aren't likely to inform you about. Write a nice introduction and you're off to a very good start. In addition, you can capture reader attention with the aid of funny essay topics. There are dozens and dozens of compelling topics out there which can be meticulously explored, but choosing one that you're interested in would help it become a small bit easier and more fun. If you decide on one of these topics, you will certainly succeed to draw the interest of your audience only because they involve the latest discussion topics. Put simply, it's a guide on the best way to do something. The main aim of topic choice for a proposal essay is to demonstrate the idea can be put into place in practice. The option of compare and contrast essay topics isn't a simple task because you should demonstrate your analytical skills. The important consideration to bear in mind is these expository essays are based on facts as opposed to the writer's beliefs or feelings. Each expository essay is going to have definite objective. It is possible to also bring the facet of globalization into play over here. An introduction is easily the most significant part your bit of writing. Cue words utilized within this sort of writing include, as an example, the features or characteristics are. The language ought to be pleasing and should be able to convince the reader. Your reader will observe all details throughout the prism of your ideology. It is vital to pay exclusive attention to the opening sentence. 1 great suggestion to take is to choose one that you're deeply interested in. Give a precise definition to an issue and offer readers with a potential solution. When you're assigned to compose an expository essay, the very first thing you will have to know is the way to write it. Locate the trustworthy information for the essay topic you will work on. Then the next step is going to be to find out more about the expository essay structure. You may always take a look at expository essay examples and have a better comprehension of how the entire writing process is about. Without an essay outline, it would be hard to recall the necessary sections, arguments, logical stream of essay, and general structure. You may always review expository essay examples and learn to connect your paragraphs. Typically, each paragraph must be several sentences long and, and it's especially critical for the brief expository essay. Your very first paragraph should also incorporate a very clear and defined thesis statement. A wide variety of expository essay examples have the exact same capabilities. Creating an effective essay of this kind may appear to be a more challenging task in contrast to other essays. Explain the reason it is helpful to organize your materials and activities. Describe the upcoming great invention.

The Truman Show By Peter Weir Essay - 1236 Words

The Truman Show (1998), directed by Peter Weir portrayed a grand metaphor for American culture in the 90’s. The movie’s message to us is that we are stuck in a media landscape full of fantasies that is catered to the interests of more powerful people. If we want to live an authentic life and be free, we should put distance between ourselves and the comfort that is our media filled culture. We have to leave the safety that is the media’s grasp and be willing to live in the world the way it actually is. In the 1990’s, television culture in particular was in full swing. Television is such a powerful tool as it has the potential to heavily influence our mindsets on topics. The Truman Show showed us an exaggerated reality of 90’s culture through a utopian/dystopian society in which morals are put aside for the purpose of a television show. Since its inception in the 1950s, television has become an integral part of American society. Television has always been a means of entertainment, but it has developed into something further. Television is a tool that can reflect and nurture values and morals. Throughout the years, television and our society have had a symbiotic relationship. Our culture influenced television, while television influenced our society. When The Truman Show came out, it embodied our media culture from the past, but it also predicted what was to come after the movie was released. When television networks first came on the scene, they consciously stayed clear fromShow MoreRelatedThe Truman Show By Peter Weir2021 Words   |  9 Pagesforce Utopia have failed, falling prey to the complications of people’s personal desires. The Truman Show, directed by Peter Weir, tells us the story of The Truman Show, an elaborate reality show built around the control of one man’s life. 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Essay on Ophelia - The Innocent Victim in Shakespeares...

Ophelia - The Innocent Victim in Shakespeares Hamlet Poor Ophelia, she lost her lover, her father, her mind, and, posthumously, her brother. Ophelia is the only truly innocent victim in Hamlet. This essay will examine Ophelias downward spiral from a chaste maiden to nervous wreck. From the beginning of the play, in Act I Scene iii, Laertes and Polonius are trying to convince her that Hamlet does not love her and only is interested in her so he can sleep with her. Laertes says Perhaps he loves you now, ...... His greatness weighed, his will is not his own. He is telling Ophelia that she is likely to have her heart broken because of Hamlets high birth. He may not be able to choose who he marries, so although he†¦show more content†¦In Act III scene i, Polonius and the King hide behind Ophelias curtains and eavesdrop on the conversation between Hamlet and Ophelia. Hamlet goes on to scold Ophelia and accuse her of not being chaste Ha, ha! Are you honest? ... Are you fair? ... Get thee to a nunnery. Why wouldst thou be / a breeder of sinners? Hamlet goes on to say ...This was sometime a paradox, but now / the time gives it proof. I did love you once. Ophelia replies with Indeed, my lord, you made me believe so. Her heart must have torn in two when Ham let came back with You should not have believed me, for virtue / cannot so inoculate our old stock but we shall relish / of it. I loved you not. Hamlet admits that he was deceiving her the whole time. This was likely a major factor in Ophelias descent into madness and eventually, death. Again, Ophelia is the victim. Ophelias downfall continues throughout the play, and her final plunge into the waters of madness and suicide culminate around her fathers death. Hamlet, while talking threateningly to his mother, accidentally slays Polonius who was hiding behind the curtain in his mothers room. Hamlet thought it was Claudius he heard coming to his mothers aid when she cried for help and lunged at the curtain with his sword, killing Polonius. O, I am slain! were his final words. After Ophelia learns of her fathers death at the hands of her estranged lover, she goesShow MoreRelated Shakespeares Hamlet - The Character of Ophelia Essay3341 Words   |  14 PagesHamlet: The Character of Ophelia  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Concerning the Ophelia of Shakespeare’s tragic drama Hamlet, is she an innocent type or not? Is she a victim or not? This essay will explore these and other questions related to this character.    Rebecca West in â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption† viciously, and perhaps unfoundedly, attacks the virginity of Ophelia:    There is no more bizarre aspect of the misreading of Hamlet’s character than the assumptionRead MoreFemale Characters in Hamlet4091 Words   |  17 Pagesis a story of one, or at most two persons. 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Clothing, Handbags and Jewelry Industries in the Us Free Essays

Clothing Accessories * The global clothing accessories industry is worth close to $16. 5 billion, according to research from Packaged Facts. During the economic recession, many consumers opted to buy accessories instead of more expensive items of clothing(Accessories can be sold even in recession). We will write a custom essay sample on Clothing, Handbags and Jewelry Industries in the Us or any similar topic only for you Order Now Spending patterns concerning accessories are slightly different than clothing purchases as accessories are often bought on impulse or as add-on purchases. The world clothing accessories market is expected to exceed $20 billion by 2012. The global clothing accessories market is expected to see growth resume in the post recession period. Consumer confidence is recovering from the lows of the economic recession, with shoppers more willing to splash out on luxury and non-essential items. As consumers become increasingly conscious about the environment, demand for environmentally friendly luggage will rise(focus more on environmental friendly products, could also be used as a marketing strategy). Handbags This U. S. industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing women’s handbags and purses of any material (except precious metal). This 6-digit NAICS industry (316992) is under the hierarchy of Other Leather and Allied Product Manufacturing Industry (31699), Leather and Allied Product Manufacturing Subsector (316), and the Manufacturing Sector (31-33). Revenue, Profitability ; Foreign Trade Preview The industry’s revenue for the year 2010 was approximately $351. 1 million USD, with an estimated gross profit of 51. 29%. Import was valued at $2. 3 billion USD from 111 countries. The industry also exported $256. 2 million USD worth of merchandise to 117 countries. Adding import value to and subtracting export value from the industry’s shipment value, the total domestic demand for the industry in 2010 was $2. 4 billion USD. (This could be the biggest market for sale) Jewelry 1) Costume jewelry is considered a discrete category of fashion accessory, and displays many characteristics of a self-contained industry. Costume jewelry manufacturers are located throughout the world, with a particular concentration in parts of China and India, where entire city-wide and region-wide economies are dominated by the trade of these goods. There has been considerable controversy in the United States and elsewhere about the lack of regulations in the manufacture of such jewelry—these range from human rights issues surrounding the treatment of labor, to the use of manufacturing processes in which small, but potentially harmful, amounts of toxic metals are added during production. (lot of cadmium found) As part of the supply chain, wholesalers in the United States and other nations purchase costume jewelry from manufacturers and typically import or export it to wholesale distributors and suppliers who deal directly with retailers. Wholesale costume jewelry merchants would traditionally seek out new suppliers at trade shows. As the Internet has become increasingly important in global trade, the trade-show model has changed. Retailers can now select from a large number of wholesalers with sites on the World Wide Web. Some of these sites also market directly to consumers, who can purchase costume jewelry at greatly reduced prices. Some of these sites include fashion jewelry as a separate category, while some use this term in favor of costume jewelry. The trend of jewelry-making at home by hobbyists for personal enjoyment or for sale on sites like Etsy has resulted in the common practice of buying wholesale costume jewelry in bulk and using it for parts. 2) World costume jewelry market stands enthused by the increasing emphasis laid down by consumers on fashion and style(most important for the attraction of the customers). Demand for costume jewelry and fashion accessories, such as, rings, earrings, bracelets, bangles, lockets, and brooches, is waxing at a healthy pace, driven largely by consumer preference for affordable, yet fashionable jewelry. Costume jewelry has tailored looks and styles borrowed from fine jewelry. However, updated impressions of these are needed to supplement and accessorize the latest apparel from couture houses and the fashion industry. Fashions in costume jewelry are generally reflected in the ready-to-wear apparel and accessories industry. Given the relative inexpensiveness and affordability of costume jewelry, purchases are predominantly impulsive especially for the younger generation(could be one of the main target markets). Designing of costume jewelry is closely in line with the apparel market. Strong economic development in developing countries, rise in GDP, standards of living, and disposable incomes, are all factors fuelling the market’s growth. Growing sophistication of consumer tastes(what exactly does the customer wants? ) in the developed markets is fingered as a key reason for sales gain in these markets. Design innovations from manufacturers and fashion designers are helping attract fashion-savvy consumers. Unique designs, durability, and high quality are all variables for product success in the marketplace. General idea about the market for jewelry Costume jewelry market worldwide is dominated by the United States with an estimated 32. 49% share in the year 2007, as stated by Global Industry Analysts, Inc. Asia-Pacific represents the fastest growing market, mirroring a projected CAGR of 6. 93% over the period 2000 to 2010. In the Necklaces, bracelets chains market, sales are forecast to rise by US$3,853 million between the period 2007 to 2015. Global sales of Brooches, Pendants Pins are projected to reach US$2. 0 billion by the year 2015. Ear Rings market in Asia-Pacific is forecast to grow at a robust CAGR of 9. 52% over the 2011 to 2015 period. Leading players operating in the global costume jewelry market include Avon Products Inc, Adrian Buckley Jewellery, DCK Concessions Ltd, H. Stern Com. Ind. S. A, KM Associates, The Colibri Group, Roman Research Inc. , and Swank Inc. (we could implement their strategies) How to cite Clothing, Handbags and Jewelry Industries in the Us, Papers

Introduction to Management Accounting And Costing System

Question: You have just been hired as an accountant by GoodStyle Furniture, a manufacturer of specialty, hand-made furniture based in South Australia. The furniture produced by Goodstyle is in two ranges, Modern and Classical. The two ranges are different in design, but both are high quality, hand-made furniture and are priced accordingly. The owner of the company, Brenton Pryce, has always believed in pricing a quality product based on how much their larger competitors are pricing theirs. His argument has been that our product is as good, if not better, than the mass producers of furniture, so we should be charging at least as much, if not more, than what they charge. When you arrived at work for the first time, you learnt that the though the company has been in existence for the last twelve years, they have never had an accountant. The accounts were typically prepared by the Laura Peters , secretary of Brenton Pryce and Tom Nichols, a part-time accountant who came in once or twice a month. Tom has informed Brenton that he could no longer spare the time to come in and has suggested the need for an accountant on a full time basis, which is why you have been hired. Brenton, though, is still not convinced of the need for a full time accountant. Look, why do I need a full-time accountant? At the end of the day, all I need to do is total up my revenues, total up my expenses and the difference is my profit. Do I really need to understand my product costs? What is the purpose of that? Its not like I can lower my prices if my product costs are lower. I just follow the big guys like Hardly Normal and Super A-mart and price my product according to their pri ces. Why do I need to know what my product costs are? asked Brenton. Laura, who has been the secretary cum bookkeeper (of sorts) since the day the company started has prepared some information for you. Trying to be helpful, she has alphabetised the accounts. I do not know much about accounting, said Laura. But Tom has said that we need a Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured and a Schedule of Cost of Goods Sold, whatever that means. I have last years accounts for you, so could you please prepare those schedules or whatever and get it to Brenton? The alphabetised list of accounts can be found in Appendix A. Four days into your work, there was a fire over the weekend in the main office that stored the accounts. The manufacturing facility was not affected and work could go on, however, most of the information that was for the current years accounts was damaged and only partial fragments were readable. Luckily your work on last years accounts were not affected as you had brought them home to complete and was still in process of completing them. You need to get me back all the information thats now lost! My creditors want to see that information and I need you to work on it asap said Brenton Sifting through ashes and interviewing selected employees, you have worked up some additional information: a) Laura remembers clearly that the predetermined overhead rate was based on 60,000 direct-labour hours to be worked for the year and $180,000 in overhead costs. (Tom mentioned this before he left, Laura said. No idea why it is important, but if it can help you, good luck.) b) The work in process balance was $4,500 at 1st April . Also the production supervisors cost sheets showed only one job in process on 30th Materials of $2,600 had been added to this job, and 300 direct labour hours had been expended at $6 per hour on this job. c) The accounts payable are for raw material purchases only, according to Laura. She clearly remembers that the balance in the account on 1st April was $6,000. Checking with Brenton for his cheque stubs, payments of $40,000 were made to suppliers during April. (All materials used were direct materials.) .The balance in the Accounts Payable account was $8,000 at 30 April . d) A charred piece of the payroll ledger shows that 5,200 direct labour hours were recorded for the month. Laura has confirmed that there were no variations in pay rate (i.e. all employees were paid $6 per hour.) e) Records in the warehouse indicate that the finished goods inventory totalled $11,000 on 1st.Also the finished goods balance was $16,000 on 30th April . f) The balance in the Raw Materials account was $12,000 on 1st April. g)Actual Manufacturing overhead incurred during April was $14,800. h) From another charred piece of paper, you discerned that the cost of goods manufactured for April was $89,000. You are now ready to and give Brenton the information he needs before you lose your job! When you went in to tell him that you can now start working on the information, Brenton tells you that he has spoken to Tom (their previous part-time accountant) and that the following information are required: Tom says we need the following information: Work in process at the end of April, raw materials purchased in April, Overhead applied, Cost of goods sold in April, and Raw materials used in April. He also suggested that we should be looking at whether the overhead was over- or under-applied, whatever that means. REQUIRED:Prepare a report (no more than 10-pages) for Brenton Pryce that addresses the following:1. The purpose of a product costing system.2. Preparation of a Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured and Cost of Goods Sold for last year. (The schedules may be in the appendix). Explain why some items have been excluded from the schedules.3. An Income Statement for last year assuming that tax is charged at 30% on Income before tax4. Determine the values for the following:(a)Work in Process at the end of April;(b) Raw materials purchased in April;(c) Overhead applied in April;(d) Raw materials used in April; and,(e) Over- or under-applied overhead in April. (f) Cost of Goods sold in April;5. Discuss how overheads can be over- or under-applied and how the company should deal with the over- or under-application. SCHEDULE ALast years accounts Administrative salaries $2,400 Advertising expense 1,200 Depreciation factory building 800 Depreciation -- factory equipment 1,600 Depreciation -- office equipment 180 Direct labour cost 21,900 Raw materials inventory, beginning 2,100 Raw materials inventory, ending 3,200 Finished goods inventory, beginning 46,980 Finished goods inventory,. ending 44,410 General liability insurance expense 240 Indirect labour cost 11,800 Insurance on factory 1,400 Purchases of raw materials 14,600 Repairs and maintenance of factory Sales 110,000 900 Sales salaries 2,000 Taxes on factory 450 Travel and entertainment expense 1,410 Work in process inventory, beginning 1,670 Work in process inventory, ending 1,110 Answer: (1) There is a great importance of Producing Costing system in a Manufacturing Industry. Product Costing is basically to identify the Cost of the Product to the company. There are various method through which product cost can be identified some of them are standard cost, Marginal Costing Method or Actual Cost Method. (Thomas, 2012) To Identify the Product Cost first of all we have to identify the direct cost, overhead cost, basis of cost allocation and then we have to calculate the Overhead Cost. This production manager wants per unit cost of the product in order to identify the performance and product sourcing. This helps the manager in identifying the wastage made by the worker if the cost per product is higher than the industry average.(Calpan, 2012) Further, if the Management knows the cost of his product than h is in better position to negotiate the price of its product with the buyer of the goods and increase its sale volume. Product Costing also helps the top management in evaluating the performance of the production Manager. It also help them to give focus on such factory which costing is high and also necessitate the top management to identify the reason for such high cost and take measures to reduce the wastages to reduce the product cost. (2) Particulars Amount Amount Raw Material at the Beginning 2,100 Add: Purchase of Raw Material 14,600 Less: Raw material at the end (3,200) Cost of Material Consumed 13,500 Add: Direct Labour Cost 21,900 Add: Factory Overhead Depreciation - Factory Building 800 Depreciation - Factory Equipment 1,600 Indirect Labour Cost 11,800 Insurance on Factory 1,400 Repairs and Maintenance Factory 900 Taxes on Factory 450 16,950 Factory Cost 52,350 Add: Opening stock of WIP 1,670 Less: Closing Stock of WIp (1,110) Cost of Goods Manufactured 52,910 Add: Opening stock of Finished Goods 46,980 Less: Closing Stock of Finished Goods (44,410) 2,570 Cost of Good Sold 55,480 While calculating Cost of Goods Manufactured we will consider all the direct and indirect cost which has been incurred in the factory for manufacturing the goods along with the portion of deprecation. This is mainly the Factory Cost However if we calculate the cost of goods sold, then we will have to also consider the opening and closing inventory of goods. All the other expenses will be consider as operating Expenses and we will form Part of Income Statement. (3)Income Statement is as follows: Particulars Amount Amount Sales 110000 Less: Cost of Goods Sold (As In Answer2) (55,480) Gross Profit 54,520 Less: Operating Expenses Administrative Expenses Administrative Salary 2,400 Travel and Entertainment Expenses 1,410 Depreciation - Office Equipment 180 General Liability Insurance 240 (4,230) Selling Distribution Expenses Advertisement Expenses 1200 Sales Salary 2000 (3,200) Income from Operation / Income before Tax 47,090 Tax Expenses @ 30% (14,127) Net Income 32,963 (4)(a) Work in Progress at the End of April Overhead Cost = 180,000 Direct Labour = 60,000 Overhead Rate = 180,000/60,000 = 3 per hour Particulars Amount Opening Stock of WIP 4,500 Add: Material 2,600 Add: Direct Labour Hour (300*6) 1,800 Add: Overhead (300*3) 900 Closing Stock of WIP 9,800 (b)Raw Material Purchased in April Particulars Amount Account Payable as on 30th April 8,000 Add: Payment mad during April 40,000 Less: Opening Account Payable on 1st April (6,000) Purchase Made during the Month 42,000 (c) Overhead Applied in AprilLabour Hours Worked in April = 5,200Overhead Rate = 3 per hourTotal Overhead Expenses = 5200 * 3 = 15,600 (d) Cost of Goods Sold in April Particulars Amount Amount Cost of Goods Manufactured (Given) 89,000 Add: Opening stock of Finished Goods 11,000 Less: Closing Stock of Finished Goods (16,000) (5,000) Cost of Good Sold 84,000 (e)Raw Material Used in April Particulars Amount Amount Raw Material at the Beginning 12,000 Add: Purchase of Raw Material 42,000 Less: Raw material at the end NIL Cost of Material Consumed 54,000 (f) Over or Under Allied OverheadOverhead Applied = 15,600Actual Overhead = 14,800Overhead Over applied = (15600 14800) = 800 (5)All the cost incurred in the factory other than Direct Material and Direct Labour is called overhead. In Standard / Marginal Costing we will predetermined the Overhead Expenses that would likely to be incurred in the given period of time. Then we will determine the appropriate cost driver to determine the recovery rate of the overhead. After determining the appropriate cost driver we will divide the overhead expenditure with the cost pool to get the recovery rate. Overhead recovery rate is just estimation. This may differ from the Actual Expenditure. If the actual expenditure is more than the overhead applied than this is the situation of under recovery of overhead. However, if the actual expenditure is less than it is case of over recovery. In case of Over / Under recovery of the overhead the same should be debited / credited in the profit loss a/c so that it impact will reflect on the company balance sheet. Reference: Calpan, D. (2012). Management Accounting: Concept Technique. 10. Thomas, J. (2012). Overview to Product Costing and Manufacturing Accounting. 8.